Communication Protocol Lab

In-depth analysis revealed almost half resulted from failing to adjust speed to curves in the road, the load being carried, condition of the brakes, road surface, and intersection conditions. A second major crash contributor involved attention: simply being inattentive, dozing or falling asleep, and distraction, all leading to situations where a sudden direction change resulted in a rollover. The third large crash contributor involved steering: over-steering to the point of rolling over, not steering enough to stay in lane, and overcorrecting to the point of having to counter-steer to remain on the road. It is in handling curves, mostly on- and off-ramps, that excess speed becomes the biggest factor, accounting for rollovers, two-thirds of all those that are speed-related. This device estimates the road bends and condition of roads using Google Maps and calculates the steering angle and Load using steering angle sensor and Load Cell. The current location of the truck can be identified using GPS module attached in the device. To serve as a rollover prevention device, a simulator must be programmed to convert vehicle control responses beyond merely the visual display of speed, direction and the effects of surface irregularities.

Water quality management generally involves the authorization of discharges of dangerous substances for which monitoring of discharges of effluents to surface water is essential. The aquatic environment is affected by different types of chemicals that originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources which were proved to be toxic to the organisms. Industrial and commercial activities (e.g. manufacturing, mining, construction, transport) are a major cause of water pollution as are runoff from agricultural areas, urban runoff and discharge of treated and untreated sewage. The whole design of the system is based mainly on IOT. There are basically two parts included, the first one is hardware & second one is software. The hardware part has several sensors (temperature, pH, turbidity, flow) which help to measure the real time values, another one is arduino atmega328 converts the analog values to digital one, & LCD shows the displays output from sensors, Wi-Fi module gives the connection between hardware and software. After sensing the data from different sensor devices, which are placed in particular area of interest. The sensed data will be automatically sent to the web server, when a proper connection is established with sever device.

The concept of Home Automation aims to bring the control of operating your every day home electrical appliances to the tip of your finger, thus giving user affordable lighting solutions, better energy conservation with optimum use of energy. Apart from just lighting solutions, the concept also further extends to have a overall control over your home security as well as build a centralised home entertainment system and much more. The Internet of Things (or commonly referred to as IoT) based Home Automation system, as the name suggests aims to control all the devices of your smart home through internet protocols or cloud based computing. Our user friendly interface allows a user to easily control these home appliances through the internet. ESP8266 is a wifi chip that provides Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) to control the devices using Remote Android Application In this project we used 4 channel relay module it is easy to interface with Arduino instead of connecting each relay separately. The entire system is powered by a 12 V transformer. After receiving user commands over the internet, microcontroller processes these instructions to operate these loads accordingly and display the system status on an LCD display

A smoke detector is an electronic fire-protection device that automatically senses the presence of smoke, as a key indication of fire, and sounds a warning to building occupants. Commercial and industrial smoke detectors issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a building's central fire alarm system. There are two types of smoke detectors. Optical or Photoelectric smoke detectors and Ionization smoke detectors. Optical smoke detectors consist of a light source like LED and a light detector like photocell. When there is smoke, the light from the source is interrupted and the photocell doesn’t conduct. In the presence of smoke, the chamber is filled with smoke and interrupts the movement of ions. The electrodes do not conduct anymore. Depending on the type of sensor and manufacturer, the conductivity conditions may change but the idea remains the same. Based on the output of the smoke detector, an alarm system can be implemented. The sensor used in this project is MQ-2 Gas/Smoke sensor. It is sensitive to LPG, Hydrogen, Smoke, Methane, Propane, Alcohol, Butane and other industrial combustible gases. It has two electrodes made of Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) and a heating element made of Tin dioxide (SnO¬2) which acts as the main sensing layer.

The construction of the LED cube constitutes of 72 led modules. Each module has 512 LEDs which are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix of 16 rows and 32 columns. The driving IC present in them is DP5020 16-bit CMOS LED driver IC. They have a viewing distance of 12-33 meters and have horizontal viewing angle of 80 degrees and vertical viewing angle of 60 degrees. Their pixel density is 10000 dots per meter square. They have an average life span of 100000 hours. This system can announce a notice by just sending it wirelessly. Here, HC-05 module is used for wireless communication. At the receiver side, LED matrix board will display a notice which is controlled by microcontroller. At the transmitter side, mobile is used, and the application named “Arduino Bluetooth Controller” is used to write a notice. When anything is written on that app, it displayed immediately on the board. With the help of this application, notices can be transmitted from any mobile if needed. The construction of the LED cube constitutes of 72 led modules.

This digital measuring tape is pretty straightforward: as you start measuring, the device instantly starts reading and gives you an accurate length down to the decimal point. You can change the units between feet, inches, meters, or whatever you need for your project. Encoder have two output pins (OUT1 and OUT2), When encoder rotates, output pins gives ZERO and ONE. The pattern of ZERO and ONE in OUT1 and OUT2 helps in determination of direction and rotation. When the Rotary encoder rotates, it sends the pulses to Arduino. Output pins of the rotary encoder are connected to pin D2 and pin D3 of Arduino. Arduino identifies the rotation and direction (clockwise or anticlockwise) of the wheel. Arduino counts the pulses and converts them in distance by using some basic mathematical operations, called calibration. Now calculated distance is shown on the LCD. Rotary encoder moves 22 steps in one complete rotation (360 degree). Steps per rotation depends on the rotary encoder which can be changed from 8 to 48. Suppose N is the steps per rotation and R is the radius of wheel. Travelled distance in one Step is = 2πR/N

Li-fi Technology is one of the exploring fields that enhances the power of data communication and inter- networks. As LED light varies in intensity faster than the human eye can feel ,it also have higher frequency than Radio wave which results in much higher speed than Wi-Fi. LED increases the efficiency, durability and Data rate, thus empowering the growth of Li-Fi systems and Visible Light Communication (VLC) system. The Speed of nearly 10 Gbps can be achieved by using LED Bulbs instead of using all traditional incandescent bulbs or compact fluorescent devices. On transmitter side, we have white Bright LED and a battery which are connected to 3.5mm jack and jack will be connected to audio source. Here we are using battery to power up the LEDs because there is less power coming from the audio source which is not enough to power the LEDs. On receiver side, we are using Solar panel and a speaker which is connected by an Aux cable. You can also make you own amplifier circuit for receiving end, which has been explained later in this article.